The 1619 Project

In Time for Reparations, 2021, p.47-58,

From The Cherokee Phoenix

Medium.com

From The Avalon Project: Documents in Law, History, and Diplomacy at Yale Law School, Lillian Goldman Law Library

From the Oklahoma Historical Society

From the Avalon Project: Documents in Law, History, and Diplomacy from Yale Law School, Lillian Goldman Law Library

From Library of Congress Digital Collections

In The Chronicles of Oklahoma, v 61, no 1 (1983): page 68-79.

The Mission of the Descendants of Freedmen of the Five Civilized Tribes Association is to provide education about the history and culture of the African-Indian freedmen and their descendants of the 5 tribes.

Thomas, Rhondda Robinson. “Meeting the Challenge of Honoring Clemson University’s Invisible Black Founders.” The Public Historian, vol. 42, no. 4, 2020, pp. 41–55, https://doi.org/10.1525/tph.2020.42.4.41.

Kristof, Nicholas. “The Top U.S. Coronavirus Hot Spots Are All Indian Lands.” International Herald Tribune, International edition, 2020.

Phillips, Katrina. “Longtime Police Brutality Drove American Indians to Join the George Floyd Protests.” The Washington Post, 2020.

By Jeffrey Ostler in The Atlantic

Braund, Kathryn E. Holland. “The Creek Indians, Blacks, and Slavery.” The Journal of Southern History, vol. 57, no. 4, 1991, pp. 601–36, https://doi.org/10.2307/2210598.

Merrell, James H. “The Racial Education of the Catawba Indians.” The Journal of Southern History, vol. 50, no. 3, 1984, pp. 363–84, https://doi.org/10.2307/2208567.

HOLMES, J. D. L. “Benjamin Hawkins and United States Attempts to Teach Farming to Southeastern Indians.” Agricultural History, vol. 60, no. 2, 1986, pp. 216–32

DORAN, MICHAEL F. “NEGRO SLAVES OF THE FIVE CIVILIZED TRIBES.” Annals of the Association of American Geographers, vol. 68, no. 3, 1978, pp. 335–50, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8306.1978.tb01198.x.

Miles, Tiya. “‘Showplace of the Cherokee Nation’: Race and the Making of a Southern House Museum.” The Public Historian, vol. 33, no. 4, 2011, pp. 11–34, https://doi.org/10.1525/tph.2011.33.4.11.

Williams, H. David. “Gambling Away the Inheritance: The Cherokee Nation and Georgia’s Gold and Land Lotteries of 1832-33.” The Georgia Historical Quarterly, vol. 73, no. 3, 1989, pp. 519–39.

Thornton, Russell. “Cherokee Population Losses during the Trail of Tears: A New Perspective and a New Estimate.” Ethnohistory, vol. 31, no. 4, 1984, pp. 289–300, https://doi.org/10.2307/482714.

Minges, Patrick. “Beneath the Underdog: Race, Religion, and the Trail of Tears.” American Indian Quarterly, vol. 25, no. 3, 2001, pp. 453–79, https://doi.org/10.1353/aiq.2001.0053

Hershberger, Mary. “Mobilizing Women, Anticipating Abolition: The Struggle against Indian Removal in the 1830s.” The Journal of American History (Bloomington, Ind.), vol. 86, no. 1, 1999, pp. 15–40, https://doi.org/10.2307/2567405.

STURM, CIRCE. “RACE, SOVEREIGNTY, AND CIVIL RIGHTS: Understanding the Cherokee Freedmen Controversy.” Cultural Anthropology, vol. 29, no. 3, 2014, pp. 575–98, https://doi.org/10.14506/ca29.3.07.

Lolita Buckner Inniss. “Cherokee Freedmen and the Color of Belonging.” Columbia Journal of Race and Law, vol. 5, no. 2, 2015, https://doi.org/10.7916/cjrl.v5i2.2308.