Call the library at 707-664-2375.
Chat with librarians around the globe 24/7.
Email a librarian and receive an answer with 24 hours.
Schedule an appointment with a librarian for 1-1 research assistance.
Visit the Research Help desk 10-4 Monday-Thursday, 1-4 Friday.
Chicago Style is used in humanities, social sciences, and sciences disciplines. There are two different documentation styles in Chicago Style: the Notes-Bibliography system (NB), which uses footnotes, and the Author-Date system, which uses parenthetical citations within the text itself. These two styles are nearly identical in content, but different in form.
In Notes and Bibliography, you use both footnotes and a bibliography. You indicate that you've used a source by putting a small superscript number at the end of the sentence in your text for which you've cited a source. The numbers refer to footnotes at the bottom of the page.
When using footnotes, a Bibliography may also be required at the end of your paper. In some cases it may not. Check with your instructor.
Note (in text), use superscript:
The global debt crisis is having a strong impact on women and children in developing nations.1 Supporting social structures continue to erode as workers must travel further for employment.
Footnote (at bottom of page):
1. Audrey Bronstein, The Triple Struggle: Latin American Peasant Women (Boston: South End Press, 1982).
Bibliography (at end of paper), if required by instructor:
Bronstein, Audrey. The Triple Struggle: Latin American Peasant Women. Boston: South End Press, 1982.
Chicago Manual of Style: Author-Date
Author-Date is a parenthetical style where you include author's name, year publication, and page number (if citing specific passages) within the text of the paper. These allow your reader to find the full citation at the end of your paper in the Reference list.
In-text
The global debt crisis is having a strong impact on women and children in developing nations (Bronstein 1982).
Reference List
Bronstein, Audrey. 1982. The triple struggle: Latin American peasant women. Boston, South End Press.
In-text
Keen argues that "the Web 2.0 revolution is really delivering superficial observations of the world around us" (2007, 16).
Reference List
Keen, Andrew. 2007. The cult of the amateur: How today's internet is killing our culture. New York, Doubleday.
In-text
Bronstein (1982) argues that the global debt crisis is having a strong impact on women and children in developing nations.
Reference List
Bronstein, Audrey. 1982. The triple struggle: Latin American peasant women. Boston, South End Press.
CMOS documentation can be one of two styles:
Though the two systems both convey all of the important information about each source, they differ not only in terms of the way they direct readers to these sources, but also in terms of their formatting (e.g., the position of dates in citation entries).
View the figure below to see the formatting differences between Chicago citation styles.
Olendiy, V. "Chicago Citation Format" Quora, accessed April 4, 2023, https://www.quora.com/How-do-I-cite-a-website-in-a-Chicago-style.
Below are sample references for textual works. Additional reference examples for other formats is available on OWL.Purdue.edu
General template for a textual source Notes-Bibliography Notes Bibliography Last Name, First Name and First Name Last Name of Author(s). "Title of shorter work." Title of Longer Work, Volume, no. (Year): page numbers. website or DOI. Author-Date Author Last Name, First Name Middle Name or Initial. Year. "Title of shorter work." Title of Longer Work, Volume(Number): page numbers. website or DOI. |
Article
NB Example: Baer, Hester, and Ryan Fred Long. "Transnational Cinema and the Mexican State in Alfonso Cuarón's Y tu Mamá También." South Central Review 21, no. 3 (2004): 150-168.
AD Example: Baer, Hester, and Ryan Fred Long. 2004. "Transnational Cinema and the Mexican State in Alfonso Cuarón's Y tu Mamá También." South Central Review 21(3): 150-168.
Book
NB Example: Angelou, Maya. I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. New York: Random House, 2002.
AD Example: Angelou, Maya. 2002. I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. New York: Random House.
Book Chapter
NB Example: Richard Rodriguez. "Aria: A Memoir of a Bilingual Childhood." In The Best American Essays of the Century, edited by Joyce Carol Oats. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 2000.
AD Example: Richard Rodriguez. 2000. "Aria: A Memoir of a Bilingual Childhood." In The Best American Essays of the Century, edited by Joyce Carol Oats, 447-466. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co.
Conference Presentation
NB Example: Hanstedt, Paul. “This is Your Brain on Writing: The Implications of James Zull’s The Art of Changing the Brain for the Writing Classroom.” Paper presented at the Annual Convention of the Conference on College Composition and Communication, San Francisco, CA, March 2009.
AD Example: Paul Hanstedt. 2009. “This is Your Brain on Writing: The Implications of James Zull’s The Art of Changing the Brain for the Writing Classroom.” Paper presented at the Annual Convention of the Conference on College Composition and Communication, San Francisco, CA.
Dissertation
NB Example: Choi, Mihwa. “Contesting Imaginaires in Death Rituals during the Northern Song Dynasty.” PhD diss. University of Chicago, 2008.
AD Example: Choi, Mihwa. 2008. “Contesting Imaginaires in Death Rituals during the Northern Song Dynasty.” PhD diss. University of Chicago.
Below are sample references for archival works. Additional reference examples for other formats is available on OWL.Purdue.edu
General template for a textual source Notes-Bibliography Notes Bibliography Last Name, First Name of author. Name of Collection. Name of Repository, Location of Repository. Author-Date Collection Name. Repository Name, Repository Location. URL. |
Example
Gaye LeBaron Collection. Sonoma State University Library Archives & Special Collections, Rohnert Park, California. https://northbaydigital.sonoma.edu/digital/collection/Lebaron.
Below are sample references for audiovisual works. Additional reference examples for other formats is available on OWL.Purdue.edu
Artwork
Bibliography Example: Vincent van Gogh, The Starry Night, 1889, The Museum of Modern Art, New York, NY, United States. https://www.moma.org/learn/moma_learning/vincent-van-gogh-the-starry-night-1889/
Film
Notes Example: 1. Joe Versus the Volcano, directed by John Patrick Shanley (1990; Burbank, CA: Warner Home Video, 2002), DVD.
Bibliography Example: Shanley, John Patrick, dir. Joe Versus the Volcano. 1990; Burbank, CA: Warner Home Video, 2002. DVD.
Episode of a TV Show
Notes Example: 3. Star Trek: The Next Generation, season 2, episode 9, “The Measure of a Man,” directed by Robert Scheerer, written by Melinda M. Snodgrass, featuring Patrick Stewart, Brent Spiner, and Whoopi Goldberg, aired February 13, 1989, in broadcast syndication, Paramount, 2012, Blu-Ray.
Bibliography Example: Snodgrass, Melinda M, writer. Star Trek: The Next Generation. Season 2, episode 9, “The Measure of a Man.” Directed by Robert Scheerer, featuring Patrick Stewart, Brent Spiner, and Whoopi Goldberg. Aired February 13, 1989, in broadcast syndication. Paramount, 2012, Blu-Ray.
Podcast Episode
Notes Example: 1. Sean Cole and Ira Glass, “622: Who You Gonna Call?,” August 4, 2017, in This American Life, produced by WBEZ, podcast, MP3 audio, 1:00:27, https://www.thisamericanlife.org/radio-archives/episode/622/who-you-gonna-call.
Bibliography Example: Cole, Sean and Ira Glass. “622: Who You Gonna Call?.” Produced by WBEZ. This American Life. August 4, 2017. Podcast, MP3 audio, 1:00:27. https://www.thisamericanlife.org/radio-archives/episode/622/who-you-gonna-call.
Clip Art or Stock Image
Notes Example: 1. Denali National Park and Preserve, Lava, Flickr, 2013, photography, https://www.flickr.com/photos/denalinps/8639280606/
Bibliography Example: Denali National Park and Preserve, Lava, Flickr, 2013, photography, https://www.flickr.com/photos/denalinps/8639280606/
Below are sample references for online works. Additional reference examples for other formats is available on OWL.Purdue.edu
Social Media Post
Notes Example: 2. Bill Nye (@BillNye), “While I’m not much for skipping school, I sure am in favor of calling attention to the seriousness of climate change. Our students can see the problem…,” Twitter, March 14, 2019, https://twitter.com/BillNye/status/1106242216123486209.
Bibliography Example: Nye, Bill (@BillNye). “While I’m not much for skipping school, I sure am in favor of calling attention to the seriousness of climate change. Our students can see the problem….” Twitter, March 14, 2019. https://twitter.com/BillNye/status/1106242216123486209.
Webpage on a Website
Notes Example: 8. “Illinois Governor Wants to 'Fumigate' State's Government,” CNN online, January 30, 2009, http://edition.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/01/30/illinois.governor.quinn/.
Bibliography Example: "Illinois Governor Wants to 'Fumigate' State's Government.” CNN online. January 30, 2009. http://edition.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/01/30/illinois.governor.quinn/.