Parenthetical References (PR) include author's name, year publication, and page number (if citing specific passages) within the text of the paper. These allow your reader to find the full citation at the end of your paper in the Reference List (RL).

EXAMPLE 1

PR (in text of paper):
The global debt crisis is having a strong impact on women and children in developing nations (Bronstein 1982).

RL (at end of paper):
Bronstein, Audrey. 1982. The triple struggle: Latin American peasant women. Boston, South End Press.

EXAMPLE 2

PR (in text of paper):
Keen argues that "the Web 2.0 revolution is really delivering superficial observations of the world around us" (2007, 16).

RL (at end of paper):
Keen, Andrew. 2007. The cult of the amateur: How today's internet is killing our culture. New York, Doubleday.

EXAMPLE 3

PR (in text of paper)
Bronstein (1982) argues that the global debt crisis is having a strong impact on women and children in developing nations.

RL (at end of paper):
Bronstein, Audrey. 1982. The triple struggle: Latin American peasant women. Boston, South End Press.

In Notes-Bibliography Style, you use both footnotes and a bibliography. You indicate that you've used a source by putting a small superscript number at the end of the sentence in your text for which you've cited a source. The numbers refer to footnotes at the bottom of the page.

When using footnotes, a Bibliography may also be required at the end of your paper. In some cases it may not. Check with your instructor.

EXAMPLE:

Note (in text), use superscript:

The global debt crisis is having a strong impact on women and children in developing nations.¹ Supporting social structures continue to erode as workers must travel further for employment.

Footnote (at bottom of page):

1. Audrey Bronstein, The Triple Struggle: Latin American Peasant Women (Boston: South End Press, 1982).

Bibliography (at end of paper), if required by instructor:

Bronstein, Audrey. The Triple Struggle: Latin American Peasant Women. Boston: South End Press, 1982.